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# Venice in Blue

## Sitemaps

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## Pages

- [Venice in Blue](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/) - The Use of carta azzurra in the Artist’s Studio and in the Printer’s Workshop, ca. 1500–50 Online Conference & Exhibition School of Art History, University of St Andrews
- [Bibliography](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/bibliography/) - ACKERMAN 1983 Ackerman, James. ‘The Tuscan/Rustic Order: A Study in the Metaphorical Language of Architecture’. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42, no. 1 (1983), pp. 15-34. AIKEMA AND BROWN 1999 Aikema, Bernard, and Beverly Louise Brown, eds. Renaissance Venice and the North: Crosscurrents in the time of Bellini, Dürer, and Titian. Exhibition Catalogue. Palazzo Grassi, Venice. London and Milan: Thames & Hudson, Ltd.;
- [Glossary](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/glossary/) - Biting | The term to describe acid eating away the lines in metal plate that have been made by the etching needle. Carta azzurra | Handmade blue paper. Blue paper is comprised of blue, neutral, and/or other rag fibres, to which a colourant like indigo or woad is added to homogenise the colour. Over time, the paper may become discoloured due to factors including exposure or storage conditions, and may appear to be yellow,
- [Vittore Carpaccio, <i> Huntsman </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/vittore-carpaccio-hunter/) - Artist | Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1465-1525/26)Title | HuntsmanDate | ca.1490–1510Medium | Black chalk, bistre ink, and white heightening on blue paperDimensions | 238 x 170 mmInstitution | Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich (link to online catalogue)Credit Line | © Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München Theme | Composing Space and Creating ActionMuseum number | 2947 Z This drawing by Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1460–ca. 1526) depicts a male figure bending
- [Jacopo Tintoretto, <i> Venus and Vulcan </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/jacopo-tintoretto-venus-and-vulcan/) - Artist | Jacopo Tintoretto (ca. 1518-1594) Title | Venus and Vulcan Date | ca. 1545 Medium | Black chalk, pen and brown ink with brown and grey wash, heightened with white Dimensions | 201 x 272 mm Institution | Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (link to online catalogue)Credit line | bpk / Kupferstichkabinett, SMB / Jörg P. Anders Theme | Composing Space and Creating ActionMuseum number | KdZ 4193 With about one hundred and
- [Albrecht Dürer, <i> The Hands of St Dominic </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/albrecht-durer-the-hands-of-st-dominic/) - Artist | Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)Title | The Hands of St Dominic (Detail from Feast of the Rosegarlands) Date | 1506 Medium | Brush and grey ink with white heightening on blue paper Dimensions | 238 x 183 mm Institution | Albertina, ViennaCredit line | © The Albertina Museum, Vienna Theme | The Human FormMuseum number | 26328 Born in Nuremberg, Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) is an important draftsman for his coalescence of German and
- [Venice in Blue](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/online-exhibition/) - Introduction to the Online Exhibition At the turn of the sixteenth-century, handmade blue paper (carta azzurra) emerged as a chosen support for drawing, printing, and publishing in Venice. Blue paper was first codified in a 1389 Bolognese statute that delineated standards for price, weight, quality, and size, was produced on the terraferma, and used widely
- [Conference Programme](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/the-conference/) - University of St Andrews, International Online Conference | 2-3 September, 2021 Organisers | Alexa McCarthy, Laura Moretti, Paolo Sachet At the turn of the sixteenth century, blue paper emerged as a chosen support for drawing and printing in Venice. Artists like Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1460–ca. 1526), Lorenzo Lotto (ca. 1480–1556), Titian (ca. 1488–1576), Sebastiano del
- [Andrea Schiavone, <i> An Archer Seen from Behind </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/andrea-schiavone-archer/) - Artist | Andrea Schiavone Title | Archer Date | 1550–1560 Medium | Black and white chalk on discoloured blue paper Dimensions | 183 x 119 mm Institution | National Galleries of Scotland Credit line | David Laing Bequest to the Royal Scottish Academy transferred 1910 Theme | Composing Space and Creating Action Museum number | D 1764 Andrea Meldolla, called Schiavone (ca. 1500–1563), was born in modern-day Croatia in the town of Zara,
- [Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo, <i> Study for Saint Peter </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/giovanni-girolamo-savoldo-study-for-saint-peter/) - Artist | Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo (ca. 1480–after 1548) Title | Study for Saint Peter Date | ca. 1533 Medium | Black and white chalk on discoloured blue paper Dimensions | 305 x 168 mm Institution | The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los AngelesCredit line | The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los AngelesTheme | The Celestial Realm Museum number | 2017.80 Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo (ca. 1480–after 1548), also called Girolamo da Brescia,
- [Bartolommeo Montagna, <i> A Study for Christ Enthroned </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/bartolommeo-montagna-a-study-for-christ-enthroned/) - Artist | Bartolommeo Montagna (1450–1523) Title | A Study for Christ Enthroned Date | ca. 1500–1520 Medium | Watercolour and white bodycolour, over black chalk, on blue paper Dimensions | 316 x 222 mm Institution | Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Credit line | © Royal Collection Trust / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021 Theme | The Celestial Realm Museum number | RCIN 912823 Bartolomeo Montagna (1450–1523) was a leading painter with a notable reputation in
- [Antonio Campi, <i> Mucius Scaevola </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/antonio-campi/) - Artist | Antonio Campi (ca. 1522–1587) Title | Gaius Mucius Scaevola thrusting his right Hand into the Fire Date | 1547–1580 Medium | Woodcut on blue paper Dimensions | 140 x 120 mm Institution | Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Credit line | Bequeathed by Francis Douce, 1834, © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford Theme | Antiquity, Mythology, and Allegory Museum number | WA1863.4003 Antonio Campi (ca. 1523–1587) was the second son of the artist Galeazzo Campi
- [Marcus Tullius Cicero, <i> Le epistole famigliari </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/uzielli-254/) - Title | Le epistole famigliari … tradotte secondo i veri sensi dell’auttoreAuthor and Publisher | Marcus Tullius Cicero (author), Guido Loglio (translator), Paolo Manuzio (publisher)Date | 1545 Medium | Letterpress on blue paper Format | 333, [1] leaves; 17cm (8vo) Institution | The Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin Credit line | Giorgio Uzielli (date unkown); images courtesy of Aaron Pratt.Theme | Antiquity, Mythology and Allegory Museum number | Uzielli 254 As a
- [Jacopo Sansovino (circle), <i> Design for Door Knocker </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/unknown-circle-of-sansovino-door-knocker/) - Artist | Circle of Jacopo Sansovino (1486- 1570) Title | Design for Door KnockerDate | ca.1550–1570 Medium | Black chalk on blue paperDimensions | 236 x 149 mmInstitution | Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich (link to online catalogue)Credit line | © Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München Theme | Antiquity, Mythology, and AllegoryMuseum number | 1952:12 Z Bronze door knockers were a popular commodity among the elites in Renaissance Venice and
- [Niccolò Giolfino II, <i> The Seven Liberal Arts </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/niccolo-giolfino/) - Artist | Niccolò Giolfino II (1476–1555) Title | The Seven Liberal Arts Date | Early 16th century Medium | Black chalk and white heightening on blue paper Dimensions | 305 x 150 mmInstitution | Les collections du département des arts graphiques, Musée du Louvre, ParisCredit Line | © RMN Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre) - Thierry Le Mage Theme | Antiquity, Mythology and AllegoryMuseum number | RF 53017 Niccolò Giolfino
- [Angelo Falconetto after Parmigianino, <i> Bellona, Goddess of War </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/angelo-falconetto-bellona-goddess-of-war/) - Artist | Angelo Falconetto (1504–1567) after Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola, called Parmigianino (1503–1540)Title | Bellona, Goddess of War Date | 1555–1567 Medium | Etching and engraving on blue paper Dimensions | 268 x 179 mm Institution | Philadelphia Museum of Art Credit line | The Muriel and Philip Berman Gift, acquired from the John S. Phillips bequest of 1876 to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, with funds
- [El Greco, <i> Variation of Michelangelo's Giorno </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/domenikos-theotokopoulos-called-el-greco-giorno-after-michelangelo/) - Artist | Doménikos Theotokópoulos, called El Greco (1541–1614), after Michelangelo (1475–1564)Title | Variation of Michelangelo's GiornoDate | ca. 1570Medium | Charcoal and black and white chalks on blue paper, with blue wash at borders; fictive brown ink frame and El Greco inscription in brown ink by Giorgio VasariDimensions | 598 x 245 mm Institution | Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich (link
- [Il Pordenone, <i> The Continence of Scipio </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/il-pordenone-the-continence-of-scipio/) - Artist | Giovanni Antionio de Sacchis, called Il Pordenone (1484–1539)Title | The Continence of Scipio Date | 1530–1535 Medium | Black and white chalk on blue paper Dimensions | 196 x 250 mm Institution | National Galleries of Scotland Credit line | David Laing Bequest to the Royal Scottish Academy on loan 1974 Theme | Antiquity, Mythology and Allegory Museum number | RSA 923 Giovanni Antonio de’ Sacchis (1484–1539), also called il
- [Battista Franco, <i> Half-Figure of a Nude Man </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/giovanni-antionio-de-sacchis-the-continence-of-scipio/) - Artist | Battista Franco (ca. 1510-1561), formerly attributed to School of Agnolo Allori (Bronzino) (1535-1607)Title | Half-Figure of a Nude Man Seen from Behind, Left Arm Raised Date | First half of the 16th centuryMedium | Black chalk, white heightening, stumping on blue paperDimensions | 231 x 211 mm Institution | Les collections du département des arts graphiques,
- [Sebastiano del Piombo, <i> Study of a Female Nude </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/760-2/) - Artist | Sebastiano del Piombo (Sebastiano Luciani) (c.1485–1547) Title | Study of a Female NudeDate | ca. 1520 Medium | Blue paper, black chalk, heightened with white Dimensions | 355 x 188 mmInstitution | Les collections du département des arts graphiques, Musée du Louvre, Paris Credit Line | ©RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michèle BellotTheme | The Human Form Museum number | INV 10816 Venetian artist Sebastiano del Piombo
- [Giovanni Bellini (School), <i> Saint Zaccharia </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/school-of-giovanni-bellini-st-zaccharia/) - Artist | School of Giovanni Bellini Title | Saint ZacchariaDate | Early 16th century Medium | Brown pen and ink, black chalk, and white highlights on now discoloured blue paper Dimensions | 240 x 120 mm Institution | Les collections du département des arts graphiques, Musée du Louvre, Paris Credit line | © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel UrtadoTheme | The Celestial Realm Museum number | INV 5604 Giovanni Bellini
- [Albrecht Dürer, <i> Adoration of the Magi </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/albrecht-durer-adoration-of-the-magi/) - Artist | Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) Title | Adoration of the Magi, from a series of 20 woodcuts Date | 1503 (design of block; this impression mid- to late 16th century) Medium | Woodcut on blue paper Dimensions | 300 x 212 mm Institution | The British Museum, LondonCredit line | Donated by Sir Thomas Barlow, 1924, © The Trustees of the British Museum, London Theme | Composing Space and Creating ActionMuseum number
- [Andrea Schiavone, <i> A Woman Fleeing through a Wood </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/andrea-schiavone-a-woman-fleeing-through-a-wood/) - Artist | Andrea Schiavone (c.1500-1563) Title | A Woman Fleeing through a Wood Date | First half of the 16th century Medium | Brush and ink on blue paper, with white heightening Dimensions | 285 x 198 mm Institution | Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Credit Line | Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021 Theme | Composing Space and Creating ActionMuseum number | RCIN 906700 Created during the
- [Titian, <i> Horse and Rider Falling </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/titian-horse-and-rider-falling/) - Artist | Titian (1490–1576) Title | Horse and Rider Falling Date | ca. 1537 Medium | Black chalk with charcoal and white bodycolour, squared in red on discoloured blue paper Dimensions | 220 x 230 mm Institution | Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Credit line | © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford Theme | Composing Space and Creating ActionMuseum number | WA1895.6 This drawing by Tiziano Vecellio (ca. 1485/90–1576), or Titian, is the study of a horse
- [Acknowledgements](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/acknowledgements/) - The organisers are grateful to the Society for Renaissance Studies for their support of the conference and online exhibition. We are grateful to the following institutions for participating in the Venice in Blue online exhibition: This website and online exhibition have been created in collaboration with the Summer Team Enterprise Programme (STEP) organised by the
- [Lorenzo Lotto, <i> Portrait of a Bearded Man </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/lorenzo-lotto-portrait-of-a-bearded-man/) - Artist | Lorenzo Lotto (ca. 1480–1556/57) Title | Portrait of a Bearded Man Date | 1535–1540 Medium | Black chalk, heightened with white, on discoloured blue paper Dimensions | 237 x 178 mm Institution | National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh Credit line | Purchased 1966 Theme | The Human Form Museum number | D 4908 Venetian artist Lorenzo Lotto (ca. 1480–1556) spent much of his career outside of Venice thanks to profitable commissions
- [Andrea Schiavone (attr.), <i> Diana </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/andrea-schiavone-attr-diana/) - Artist | Attributed to Andrea Schiavone (ca. 1500–1563)Title | Diana Date | 1540–1560 Medium | Etching printed on blue paper Dimensions | 236 x 116 mm Institution | The British Museum, LondonCredit line | Purchased from George Cumberland in 1820, © The Trustees of the British MuseumTheme | Antiquity, Mythology, and AllegoryMuseum number | H,4.83 Andrea Meldolla, called Schiavone (ca. 1500–1563), was born in modern-day Croatia in the town
- [Jacopo Tintoretto, <i> Head of Vitellius </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/jacopo-tintoretto-head-of-vitellius/) -  Artist | Jacopo Tintoretto (ca. 1518-1594) Title | Head of Vitellius Date | 16th century Medium | Black chalk and white heightening on blue paper, with greenish-blue washDimensions | 282 x 230 mmInstitution | Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich (link to online catalogue)Credit line | © Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München Theme | Antiquity, Mythology, and AllegoryMuseum number | 2982 Z Jacopo Robusti (1518/19–1594), better known as Jacopo Tintoretto, ran a
- [Titian, <i> Horse and Rider Falling </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/titian-horse-and-rider-falling-munich-version/) -  Artist | Titian (1490–1576) Title | Horse and Rider Falling Date | 1513–1537 Medium | Black chalk and white heightening on blue paperDimensions | 350 x 251 mmInstitution | Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich (link to online catalogue)Credit line | © Staatliche Grapische Sammlung Staatliche Graphische Sammlung MünchenTheme | Composing Space and Creating ActionMuseum number | 2981 Z Tiziano Vecellio (ca. 1485/90–1576), also known as Titian, was based in
- [Marcus Porcius Cato et al., <i> Libri de re rustica </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/uzielli-103/) - Title | Libri de re rustica...Author and Publisher | Marcus Porcius Cato, Publius Terentius Varro Atacinus, Lucius Junius Modertatus Columella, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, Giorgio Merula (authors); Aldo Manuzio, Andreas de Asula Torresanus (publishers)Date | 1514 Medium | Woodcut and letterpress on blue paper Format | [34], 308 leaves: ill. (woodcuts); 21 cm (4to) Institution | The Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin Credit line | Giorgio Uzielli (date unknown); images courtesy of Aaron Pratt.Theme
- [Battista Angolo del Moro after Parmigianino, <i> Virgin and Child </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/battista-angolo-del-moro-after-parmigianino-virgin-and-child/) - Artist | Battista Angolo del Moro after Parmigianino Title | Virgin and Child Date | 1515–1573 Medium | Etching Dimensions | 106 x 83 mm Institution | The British Museum, London Credit line | Bequeathed by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode (With Philipe's blindstamp and initials CMC), © The Trustees of the British MuseumTheme | The Celestial Realm Museum number | W,1.102 Battista d’Angolo known as del Moro (ca. 1515–1573) was a printmaker and
- [Sebastiano Serlio, <i> Regole Generali di Architettura </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/sebastiano-serlio-regole-generali-di-architettura/) - Title | Regole generali di architetturaAuthor and Publisher | Sebastiano Serlio (author); Francesco Marcolini da Forli (publisher)Date | 1540 Medium | Woodcut and letterpress on blue paper Format | 76 leaves: ill. (woodcuts); 34cm (fol) Institution | University of St Andrews Library and Museums, St AndrewsCredit line | Courtesy of the University of St Andrews Libraries and Museums. Tutte l'opere d'architettura. Libro 4. Images by Laura Moretti and Alexa
- [Presentation Abstracts](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/presentation-abstracts/) - ‘The Handmade Blue Paper Project: Applying Interdisciplinary Experimental Archaeology to the Study of the Materiality of Historical Blue Papers,’ Leila Sauvage, University of Amsterdam; Rijksmuseum, Department of Conservation Despite progress made in studying drawing media, supports are often loosely characterised as 'parchment' or 'paper' and, in the case of paper, by colour: ‘off white,’ ‘grey,’
- [About the Participants](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/about-the-participants/) - Edina Adam, J. Paul Getty Museum Edina Adam is the Assistant Curator of Drawings at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. She holds a PhD in Art History from the Institute of Fine Arts, New York, where she wrote her dissertation on notions of foreignness and migrant artists in Florence ca. 1600. At the
- [Unknown Italian Artist, <i> Saint Nicolas of Myra </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/saint-nicolas-of-myra/) - Artist | Unknown Italian Artist Title | Saint Nicolas of Myra (San Nicola di Myra detto San Nicola di Bari) Date | 1470s Medium | Woodcut, hand-coloured in red, sand, green, olive, and tan, on blue paper Dimensions | 293 x 212 mmInstitution | National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Credit line | Print Purchase Fund (Mr and Mrs J. Watson Webb), 1979 Theme | The Celestial Realm Museum number | 1979.63.1 In the fifteenth century, woodcut printing became the
- [About the Organisers](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/about-the-organisers/) - Alexa McCarthy, University of St Andrews Alexa McCarthy is a PhD Candidate and Postgraduate Tutor in Art History at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. In the summer of 2021, Alexa was a Research Fellow at the DFK Paris-German Center for Art History. Prior to beginning her PhD, Alexa held positions at The Leiden Collection,
- [Contact](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/contact/) - Your name Your email Subject Your message (optional) Δ
- [Vittore Carpaccio, <i> Studies of a Seated Youth in Armour </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/vittore-carpaccio-studies-of-a-seated-youth-in-armour/) - Artist | Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1460–ca. 1526)Title | Studies of a Seated Youth in ArmourDate | ca. 1505Medium | Black chalk, point of brush and gray wash, highlighted with white gouache, on blue paper Dimensions | 190 x 180 mmInstitution | The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New YorkCredit line | The Elisha Whittelsey Collection, The Elisha Whittelsey Fund, 1954Theme | The Human FormMuseum number | 54,119 Vittore
- [Colophon](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/colophon/) - How to cite the Online Exhibition: Author (see initials below). ‘Content Title’. Venice in Blue Online Exhibition. Edited by Alexa McCarthy. University of St Andrews, 2021. https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/. Conference Co-Organisers | Alexa McCarthy, Laura Moretti, Paolo Sachet Curator of the Online Exhibition | Alexa McCarthy Website Development | Aleksandra Dragan and Francesco Alessandrini Lupia Editor |
- [Palma il Vecchio, <i> Self-Portrait </i>](https://veniceinblue2021.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/palma-vecchio-self-portrait/) - Artist | Palma il Vecchio (ca. 1479/80–1528) Title | Self-Portrait Date | ca. 1510 Medium | Black chalk, heightened with white on blue paper, laid down Dimensions | 257 x 184 mm Institution | National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh Credit line | Keith Andrews Bequest 1991 Theme | The Human Form Museum number | D 5296 Palma il Vecchio (1479/80–1528), born Jacopo Palma and also called Jacopo Negretti, had considerable success with depictions of